1 Methods

Validation of assay methods is based on the use of calibration and validation standards made by accurately weighing predetermined quantities of analytes as required. The experiments are generally carried out on multiple series (usually carried out on different days) on multiple concentration levels with multiple replicates per level and per series.

In order to complete this report, it is recommended to annex the exact drug formula with the reference of each of the raw materials used as well as a complete description of pre-analytical and analytical methods used.

1.1 Calibration curves

The estimation of the parameters of the calibration curves were obtained from the ordinary least squares method (OLS) using the r stats::lm() function.

When possible various linear regressions were tested:

Linear function (Linear)
Linear trough 0 function (Linear 0)
Linear trough 0 and the highest concentration levels function (Linear 0 - Max)
Linear function with weights (1/Y and 1/X) (Linear weighed 1/X and Linear weighed 1/Y)

1.2 Estimation of trueness and precision

1.2.1 Models

Considering $i \in [1;p]$ (series index), $j \in [1,m]$ (concentration index), $k\in [1;n]$ (repetition index) and $x_{i,j,k, calc}$ the $k$th back calculated concentration of the $i$ series $j$ level (using calibration standards) :

\[ x_{i,j,k, calc} = \mu_j + \alpha_{i,j} + \epsilon_{i,j,k} \]

With : $\begin{cases} \mu_j &: \text{the back calculated mean of the $j$ level} \\ \alpha_{i,j} &: \text{at $j$ level, the difference between the $i$th series average and the $\mu_j$}\\ \epsilon_{i,j,k} &: \text{the experimental error} \end{cases}$

$\begin{cases}\alpha_{i,j} &\sim \mathcal{N}(0,\sigma^2_{B,j}) \; \text{with $\sigma^2_{B,j}$ representing the interseries variances} \\ \epsilon_{i,j,k} &\sim \mathcal{N}(0, \sigma^2_{W,j}) \; \text{with $\sigma^2_{W,j}$ representing the intraseries variances}\end{cases}$

1.2.2 Trueness

Trueness expresses the closeness of agreement between the mean value obtained from a series of test results and an accepted reference value. The trueness gives an indication of the systemic errors. It was calculated at each concentration level by calculating the difference between the introduced concentrations (arithmetic) mean $\overline{x}_j$ and the calculated concentrations mean $\hat{\mu}_j$.

The bias (for j th level) was expressed as: $\text{Bias}_j =\hat{\mu}_j-\overline{x}_j$

And the relative bias as: $\text{Bias(%)}_j = \frac{\hat{\mu}_j-\overline{x}_j}{\overline{x}_j}\times 100$

The recovery (for j th level) was expressed as : $\text{Recovery(%)}_j = \frac{\hat{\mu}_j}{\overline{x}_j}\times 100$

1.2.3 Fidelity & intermediate precision

Fidelity expresses the closeness of agreement between a series of measurements from multiple takes of the same homogeneous sample, under prescribed conditions. It provides information on random errors and is assessed at two levels, repeatability and intermediate precision.

Intra and interseries variance could be estimated at every $j$ level using the restricted maximum likelihood method:

$\begin{align} \hat{\mu}_j &= \frac{1}{\sum^p_{i=1}n_{i,j}}\cdot\sum^p_{i=1}\sum^{n_{i,j}}_{k=1} x_{i,j,k, calc} \\ \text{MSM}_j &= \frac{1}{p-1} \cdot \sum^p_{i=1}n_{i,j}\cdot \left(x_{i,j, calc}-\overline{x}_{i,j, calc}\right)^2 \\ \text{MSE}_j &=\frac{1}{\sum^p_{i=1}n_{i,j}-p}\cdot\sum^p_{i=1}\sum^{n_{i,j}}_{k=1} \left(x_{i,j, calc}-\overline{x}_{i,j, calc}\right)^2 \end{align}$

$\text{if MSE$_j$ < MSM$_j$} \begin{cases} \hat{\sigma}^2_{W,j} &=\text{MSE}_j \\ \hat{\sigma}^2_{B,j} &= \frac{\text{MSM}_j-\text{MSE}_j}{n} \end{cases}$

$\text{else} \begin{cases} \hat{\sigma}^2_{W,j} &=\frac{1}{pn - 1}\cdot\sum^p_{i=1}\sum^{k}_{j=1} \left(x_{i,j,k calc}-\overline{x}_{j, calc}\right)^2 \\ \hat{\sigma}^2_{B,j} &= 0 \end{cases}$

Intermediate precision was then calculated: $\hat{\sigma}^2_{IP,j} = \hat{\sigma}^2_{W,j} + \hat{\sigma}^2_{B,j}$

Each corresponding coefficient of variation was determined as: $\text{CV(%)} = \frac{\sigma_j}{\hat{\mu}_j}$

1.2.4 Tolerance interval and accuracy profiles

The tolerance interval is a statistical interval within which, with some confidence level, a specified proportion ($\beta$) of a sampled population falls. The construction of the tolerance intervals using standard solutions therefore makes it possible to predict with a some confidence levels where a proportion of the dosages will falls.

The tolerance interval has been computed, at each concentration levels using validation standards as follows:

$\hat{\mu}_j \pm \mathcal{Q}t(\upsilon,\frac{1 + \beta}{2})\cdot\sqrt{1 + \frac{1}{pn\cdot B^2_j}}\cdot\hat\sigma_{IP,j}$
$\text{Bias(%)} \pm \mathcal{Q}_t(\upsilon,\frac{1 + \beta}{2}) \cdot \sqrt{1 + \frac{1}{pn\cdot B^2_j}} \cdot \hat{ \text{CV}}_{IP,j}$

$with \begin{cases}\begin{align} R_j &= \frac{\sigma^2_{B,j}}{\sigma^2_{W,j}} \\ B_j &= \sqrt{\frac{R_j +1}{n\cdot R_j + 1}} \\ \upsilon &= \frac{(R+1)^2}{\frac{(R + (1/n))^2}{p - 1} + \frac{(1 - 1/n)}{pn} } \end{align}\end{cases}$

$\mathcal{Q}_t(\upsilon,\frac{1 + \beta}{2})$ corresponded to the $\beta$ quantile of the Student $t$ distribution with $\upsilon$ degrees of freedom.

The $\beta$ value used for the calculation of the $\beta$-expectation tolerance interval was set to: 0.8 (user defined).

The accuracy profiles (─) were plotted joining the tolerance intervals obtained for each of the levels tested. A method is validated over the full range of measurements, when the accuracy profile (─) is fully included between the upper and lower bound of the acceptability limit $[-\lambda;+\lambda]$ (┄) set a priori. The method can only be used over the concentration range for which the accuracy profile is entirely within the acceptability limit $[-\lambda;+\lambda]$.

The acceptability value used was set to: 10 % (user defined).

1.2.5 Determination of quantification limits.

When the accuracy profile (─) is not fully included within the acceptability limit $[-\lambda;+\lambda]$ ( ┄), a limit of quantification can be determined at the intersection of the accuracy profile with the upper ($+\lambda$) or lower ($-\lambda$) acceptability limit. This can happen at low or high concentrations and can produce lower or higher LOQs respectively.

The coordinates of the intersections between the accuracy profiles and the acceptability limits were calculated and plotted on the tolerance profiles (✴)

The lower LOQ is the lowest amount of analyte in a sample which can be quantitatively determined with suitable precision and accuracy. It should be determined at lower levels using the last intersection point between accuracy profile and acceptance limits, before accuracy profile become fully included in acceptance limits. It’s the first level tested if accuracy profile is fully inside acceptance limits at this level.
The upper LOQ is the highest amount of analyte in a sample which can be quantitatively determined with suitable precision and accuracy. It should be determined at higher levels using the first intersection point between accuracy profile and acceptance limits, before accuracy profile partly or fully exceeds acceptance limits. It is the last level tested if accuracy profile is fully inside acceptance limits from the lower LOQ to this level.

2 Analysis of response function (calibration curves)

2.1 Methods and Data

Response functions $signal=f(concentration)$ were analysed using stats4::lm() function in R, using calibration data provided in Table 4.1 and Figure 4.1) (see section 4).

Analysis was performed using :

Linear function (Linear)
Linear trough 0 function (Linear 0)
Linear trough 0 and the highest concentration levels function (Linear 0 - Max)
Linear function with weights (1/Y and 1/X) (Linear weighed 1/X and Linear weighed 1/Y)

2.2 Response functions obtained

2.2.1 Regression analysis

The interactive table 2.1 shows the values obtained with regressions :

Table 2.1: Results of linear regressions performed
Methods	Serie	Intercept	Slope	AIC	R²
Linear (LM)	1	-1358.7877	7566838	188.82847	0.9987755
Linear (LM)	2	-2972.4758	7166164	157.35429	0.9999733
Linear (LM)	3	-4450.9923	7101554	178.31360	0.9996262
Linear 0 (LM)	1	0.0000	7559372	186.84928	0.9991447
Linear 0 (LM)	2	0.0000	7149831	159.29751	0.9999694
Linear 0 (LM)	3	0.0000	7077097	177.10514	0.9997112
Linear 0-max (LM)	1	0.0000	7559800	52.44744	0.9991522
Linear 0-max (LM)	2	0.0000	7151585	43.89910	0.9999868
Linear 0-max (LM)	3	0.0000	7083672	48.34795	0.9998756
Linear weighed 1/X (LM)	1	-1461.3560	7568686	165.82140	0.9987859
Linear weighed 1/X (LM)	2	-2165.6005	7151626	156.85434	0.9995574
Linear weighed 1/X (LM)	3	-530.7419	7030919	166.86941	0.9984005
Linear weighed 1/Y (LM)	1	-1687.6258	7562968	165.13549	0.9986793
Linear weighed 1/Y (LM)	2	-2215.1444	7146698	159.77107	0.9991691
Linear weighed 1/Y (LM)	3	-575.2321	7018751	167.75477	0.9981079

2.2.2 Residues for each calibration curve at each level

The residues obtained are shown in the interactive figure 2.1.

Figure 2.1: Relative bias calculated from regression

3 Validation

3.1 Using a linear calibration curve

3.1.1 Trueness and precision obtained

Trueness and precision are depicted on table 3.1 and 3.2

Table 3.1: Trueness and precision estimators and limits ( LIN )
Introduced concentrations default	Mean calculated concentrations default	Bias default	Repeatability SD default	Between series SD default	Intermediate precision SD default	Low limit of tolerance default	High limit of tolerance default
0.0005	0.0007239	0.0002239	0.0001373	1.0e-07	0.0002666	0.0002355	0.0012122
0.0015	0.0016881	0.0001881	0.0002630	0.0e+00	0.0003053	0.0012286	0.0021476
0.0200	0.0195866	-0.0004134	0.0014254	6.0e-07	0.0016220	0.0171659	0.0220074
0.2000	0.1999305	-0.0000695	0.0114414	7.6e-06	0.0117702	0.1830347	0.2168264

Table 3.2: Trueness and precision estimators and limits ( LIN )
Introduced concentrations default	Mean calculated concentrations default	Bias (%)	Recovery (%)	CV repeatability (%)	CV intermediate precision (%)	Low limit of tolerance (%)	High limit of tolerance (%)	Results
0.0005	0.0007239	44.775711	144.77571	27.459330	53.325616	-52.893662	142.445083	FAIL
0.0015	0.0016881	12.540253	112.54025	17.534663	20.355825	-18.092530	43.173037	FAIL
0.0200	0.0195866	-2.066788	97.93321	7.126778	8.109942	-14.170430	10.036855	FAIL
0.2000	0.1999305	-0.034729	99.96527	5.720705	5.885101	-8.482649	8.413191	PASS

3.1.2 Accuracy profile

Accuracy profile is shown Figure 3.1. The 𝛽-tolerance interval (─) should be entirely within the acceptance limits (┄). Coordinates of points of intersection between the tolerance interval and the acceptability limit were marked with a red star (✴) when present.

Figure 3.1: Accuracy profiles (red dashed line: acceptance limits, blue lines: 𝛽-tolerance intervals).

3.1.3 Linearity Profile

Linearity profile is shown Figure 3.2. You should check that the black line (linear model) should be superimposed on the red dashed identity line.

Figure 3.2: Linearity profiles (red dashed line: identity line, black lines: linear regression lines, blue lines: 𝛽-tolerance intervals).

3.1.4 Linear regression

The p-value for the intercept is > 0.05 which is in favor of a non-significant value (PASS)

The p-value for the slope is < 0.05 which is in favor of a significant value (PASS)

Table 3.3: Results of the linear regression.
	Estimate	CI (lower)	CI (upper)	Std. Error	t value	Pr(>\|t\|)
(Intercept)	0.0000175	-0.0019941	0.0020292	0.0009994	0.0175485	0.986
x	0.9993649	0.9793491	1.0193808	0.0099438	100.5013829	<0.001	***

3.1.5 Studentized Breusch-Pagan test for heteroskedasticity

The p-value < 0.05 which is in favor of heterosedasticity and standard deviations of a calculated concentrations as related to introduced concentrations, are non-constant (this should be investigated)

Result of the studentized Breusch-Pagan test
Test statistic	df	P value
5.044	1	0.02471 *

3.2 Using a linear forced through 0 calibration curve

3.2.1 Trueness and precision obtained

Trueness and precision are depicted on the table 3.4 and 3.5

Table 3.4: Trueness and precision estimators and limits ( LIN_0 )
Introduced concentrations default	Mean calculated concentrations default	Bias default	Repeatability SD default	Between series SD default	Intermediate precision SD default	Low limit of tolerance default	High limit of tolerance default
0.0005	0.0003176	-0.0001824	0.0001376	0.0e+00	0.0001376	0.0001219	0.0005133
0.0015	0.0012839	-0.0002161	0.0002636	0.0e+00	0.0002636	0.0009091	0.0016587
0.0200	0.0192220	-0.0007780	0.0014294	8.0e-07	0.0016996	0.0166384	0.0218056
0.2000	0.1999679	-0.0000321	0.0114542	7.5e-06	0.0117785	0.1830626	0.2168732

Table 3.5: Trueness and precision estimators and limits ( LIN_0 )
Introduced concentrations default	Mean calculated concentrations default	Bias (%)	Recovery (%)	CV repeatability (%)	CV intermediate precision (%)	Low limit of tolerance (%)	High limit of tolerance (%)	Results
0.0005	0.0003176	-36.4882832	63.51172	27.525332	27.525332	-75.627610	2.651044	FAIL
0.0015	0.0012839	-14.4058986	85.59410	17.570893	17.570893	-39.390627	10.578829	FAIL
0.0200	0.0192220	-3.8899655	96.11003	7.146753	8.497997	-16.808072	9.028141	FAIL
0.2000	0.1999679	-0.0160614	99.98394	5.727122	5.889251	-8.468712	8.436589	PASS

3.2.2 Accuracy profile

Accuracy profile is shown in Figure 3.3. The 𝛽-tolerance interval (─) should be entirely within the acceptance limits (┄). Coordinates of points of intersection between the tolerance interval and the acceptability limit were marked with a red star (✴) when present.

Figure 3.3: Accuracy profiles (red dashed line: acceptance limits, blue lines: 𝛽-tolerance intervals).

3.2.3 Linearity Profile

Linearity profile is shown in Figure 3.4. You should check that the black line (linear model) should be superimposed on the red dashed identity line.

Figure 3.4: Linearity profiles (red dashed line: identity line, black lines: linear regression lines, blue lines: 𝛽-tolerance intervals).

3.2.4 Linear regression

The p-value for the intercept is > 0.05 which is in favor of a non-significant value (PASS)

The p-value for the slope is < 0.05 which is in favor of a significant value (PASS)

Table 3.6: Results of the linear regression.
	Estimate	CI (lower)	CI (upper)	Std. Error	t value	Pr(>\|t\|)
(Intercept)	-0.0003905	-0.0024046	0.0016237	0.0010006	-0.3902287	0.698
x	1.0015911	0.9815504	1.0216317	0.0099561	100.6004122	<0.001	***

3.2.5 Studentized Breusch-Pagan test for heteroskedasticity

The p-value < 0.05 which is in favor of heterosedasticity and standard deviations of a calculated concentrations as related to introduced concentrations, are non-constant (this should be investigated)

Result of the studentized Breusch-Pagan test
Test statistic	df	P value
5.05	1	0.02462 *

3.3 Using a linear calibration curve with the highest level only and forced through 0

3.3.1 Trueness and precision obtained

Trueness and precision are depicted on the table 3.7 and 3.8

Table 3.7: Trueness and precision estimators and limits ( LIN_0MAX )
Introduced concentrations default	Mean calculated concentrations default	Bias default	Repeatability SD default	Between series SD default	Intermediate precision SD default	Low limit of tolerance default	High limit of tolerance default
0.0005	0.0003174	-0.0001826	0.0001376	0.0e+00	0.0001376	0.0001218	0.0005130
0.0015	0.0012834	-0.0002166	0.0002635	0.0e+00	0.0002635	0.0009088	0.0016580
0.0200	0.0192142	-0.0007858	0.0014286	9.0e-07	0.0017009	0.0166273	0.0218012
0.2000	0.1998863	-0.0001137	0.0114533	7.8e-06	0.0117893	0.1829597	0.2168130

Table 3.8: Trueness and precision estimators and limits ( LIN_0MAX )
Introduced concentrations default	Mean calculated concentrations default	Bias (%)	Recovery (%)	CV repeatability (%)	CV intermediate precision (%)	Low limit of tolerance (%)	High limit of tolerance (%)	Results
0.0005	0.0003174	-36.5154449	63.48456	27.511253	27.511253	-75.634752	2.603862	FAIL
0.0015	0.0012834	-14.4401297	85.55987	17.563399	17.563399	-39.414202	10.533942	FAIL
0.0200	0.0192142	-3.9288280	96.07117	7.142830	8.504340	-16.863670	9.006014	FAIL
0.2000	0.1998863	-0.0568324	99.94317	5.726666	5.894633	-8.520142	8.406478	PASS

3.3.2 Accuracy profile

Accuracy profile is shown in Figure 3.5. The 𝛽-tolerance interval (─) should be entirely within the acceptance limits (┄). Coordinates of points of intersection between the tolerance interval and the acceptability limit were marked with a red star (✴) when present.

Figure 3.5: Accuracy profiles (red dashed line: acceptance limits, blue lines: 𝛽-tolerance intervals).

3.3.3 Linearity Profile

Linearity profile is shown in Figure 3.6. You should check that the black line (linear model) should be superimposed on the red dashed identity line.

Figure 3.6: Linearity profiles (red dashed line: identity line, black lines: linear regression lines, blue lines: 𝛽-tolerance intervals).

3.3.4 Linear regression

The p-value for the intercept is > 0.05 which is in favor of a non-significant value (PASS)

The p-value for the slope is < 0.05 which is in favor of a significant value (PASS)

Table 3.9: Results of the linear regression.
	Estimate	CI (lower)	CI (upper)	Std. Error	t value	Pr(>\|t\|)
(Intercept)	-0.0003903	-0.0024057	0.0016251	0.0010013	-0.3897947	0.698
x	1.0011826	0.9811289	1.0212362	0.0099626	100.4942902	<0.001	***

3.3.5 Studentized Breusch-Pagan test for heteroskedasticity

The p-value < 0.05 which is in favor of heterosedasticity and standard deviations of a calculated concentrations as related to introduced concentrations, are non-constant (this should be investigated)

Result of the studentized Breusch-Pagan test
Test statistic	df	P value
5.025	1	0.02498 *

3.4 Using a weighed (1/Y) linear calibration curve

3.4.1 Trueness and precision obtained

Trueness and precision are depicted on the table 3.10 and 3.11

Table 3.10: Trueness and precision estimators and limits ( LIN_1Y )
Introduced concentrations default	Mean calculated concentrations default	Bias default	Repeatability SD default	Between series SD default	Intermediate precision SD default	Low limit of tolerance default	High limit of tolerance default
0.0005	0.0005235	0.0000235	0.0001382	0.0e+00	0.0001529	0.0002980	0.0007490
0.0015	0.0014923	-0.0000077	0.0002644	0.0e+00	0.0002845	0.0010772	0.0019074
0.0200	0.0194793	-0.0005207	0.0014350	7.0e-07	0.0016692	0.0169653	0.0219933
0.2000	0.2007220	0.0007220	0.0114504	6.3e-06	0.0117212	0.1839255	0.2175185

Table 3.11: Trueness and precision estimators and limits ( LIN_1Y )
Introduced concentrations default	Mean calculated concentrations default	Bias (%)	Recovery (%)	CV repeatability (%)	CV intermediate precision (%)	Low limit of tolerance (%)	High limit of tolerance (%)	Results
0.0005	0.0005235	4.7026406	104.70264	27.634133	30.571414	-40.402985	49.808267	FAIL
0.0015	0.0014923	-0.5119997	99.48800	17.627489	18.963577	-28.185581	27.161582	FAIL
0.0200	0.0194793	-2.6034781	97.39652	7.174993	8.346037	-15.173646	9.966690	FAIL
0.2000	0.2007220	0.3609959	100.36100	5.725221	5.860588	-8.037274	8.759265	PASS

3.4.2 Accuracy profile

Accuracy profile is shown in Figure 3.7. The 𝛽-tolerance interval (─) should be entirely within the acceptance limits (┄). Coordinates of points of intersection between the tolerance interval and the acceptability limit were marked with a red star (✴) when present.

Figure 3.7: Accuracy profiles (red dashed line: acceptance limits, blue lines: 𝛽-tolerance intervals).

3.4.3 Linearity Profile

Linearity profile is shown in Figure 3.8. You should check that the black line (linear model) should be superimposed on the red dashed identity line.

Figure 3.8: Linearity profiles (red dashed line: identity line, black lines: linear regression lines, blue lines: 𝛽-tolerance intervals).

3.4.4 Linear regression

The p-value for the intercept is > 0.05 which is in favor of a non-significant value (PASS)

The p-value for the slope is < 0.05 which is in favor of a significant value (PASS)

Table 3.12: Results of the linear regression.
	Estimate	CI (lower)	CI (upper)	Std. Error	t value	Pr(>\|t\|)
(Intercept)	-0.0001867	-0.0021933	0.0018199	0.0009969	-0.187296	0.852
x	1.0043421	0.9843767	1.0243076	0.0099188	101.256809	<0.001	***

3.4.5 Studentized Breusch-Pagan test for heteroskedasticity

The p-value < 0.05 which is in favor of heterosedasticity and standard deviations of a calculated concentrations as related to introduced concentrations, are non-constant (this should be investigated)

Result of the studentized Breusch-Pagan test
Test statistic	df	P value
5.346	1	0.02078 *

3.5 Using a weighed (1/X) linear calibration curve

3.5.1 Trueness and precision obtained

Trueness and precision are depicted on the table 3.13 and 3.14

Table 3.13: Trueness and precision estimators and limits ( LIN_1X )
Introduced concentrations default	Mean calculated concentrations default	Bias default	Repeatability SD default	Between series SD default	Intermediate precision SD default	Low limit of tolerance default	High limit of tolerance default
0.0005	0.0005086	0.0000086	0.0001380	0.0e+00	0.0001526	0.0002835	0.0007337
0.0015	0.0014764	-0.0000236	0.0002641	0.0e+00	0.0002842	0.0010615	0.0018913
0.0200	0.0194443	-0.0005557	0.0014333	7.0e-07	0.0016599	0.0169489	0.0219398
0.2000	0.2004948	0.0004948	0.0114418	5.9e-06	0.0116970	0.1837403	0.2172492

Table 3.14: Trueness and precision estimators and limits ( LIN_1X )
Introduced concentrations default	Mean calculated concentrations default	Bias (%)	Recovery (%)	CV repeatability (%)	CV intermediate precision (%)	Low limit of tolerance (%)	High limit of tolerance (%)	Results
0.0005	0.0005086	1.7219357	101.72194	27.600381	30.520939	-43.301462	46.745333	FAIL
0.0015	0.0014764	-1.5721901	98.42781	17.607017	18.949962	-29.230626	26.086246	FAIL
0.0200	0.0194443	-2.7783341	97.22167	7.166691	8.299697	-15.255678	9.699010	FAIL
0.2000	0.2004948	0.2473866	100.24739	5.720891	5.848517	-8.129828	8.624601	PASS

3.5.2 Accuracy profile

Accuracy profile is shown in Figure 3.9. The 𝛽-tolerance interval (─) should be entirely within the acceptance limits (┄). Coordinates of points of intersection between the tolerance interval and the acceptability limit were marked with a red star (✴) when present.

Figure 3.9: Accuracy profiles (red dashed line: acceptance limits, blue lines: 𝛽-tolerance intervals).

3.5.3 Linearity Profile

Linearity profile is shown in Figure 3.10. You should check that the black line (linear model) should be superimposed on the red dashed identity line.

Figure 3.10: Linearity profiles (red dashed line: identity line, black lines: linear regression lines, blue lines: 𝛽-tolerance intervals).

3.5.4 Linear regression

The p-value for the intercept is > 0.05 which is in favor of a non-significant value (PASS)

The p-value for the slope is < 0.05 which is in favor of a significant value (PASS)

Table 3.15: Results of the linear regression.
	Estimate	CI (lower)	CI (upper)	Std. Error	t value	Pr(>\|t\|)
(Intercept)	-0.0002008	-0.0022039	0.0018022	0.0009951	-0.2018264	0.841
x	1.0032769	0.9833468	1.0232071	0.0099012	101.3285576	<0.001	***

3.5.5 Studentized Breusch-Pagan test for heteroskedasticity

The p-value < 0.05 which is in favor of heterosedasticity and standard deviations of a calculated concentrations as related to introduced concentrations, are non-constant (this should be investigated)

Result of the studentized Breusch-Pagan test
Test statistic	df	P value
5.3	1	0.02132 *

4 Raw data

User provided.

Table 4.1: Calibration standards raw data
ID	TYPE	SERIE	SIGNAL	CONC_LEVEL
CAL	CAL	1	3057	0.00049
CAL	CAL	1	11600	0.00150
CAL	CAL	1	155620	0.02000
CAL	CAL	1	1556003	0.20000
CAL	CAL	1	1720	0.00050
CAL	CAL	1	7430	0.00150
CAL	CAL	1	145383	0.02000
CAL	CAL	1	1467917	0.20000
CAL	CAL	2	2144	0.00050
CAL	CAL	2	5250	0.00150
CAL	CAL	2	142242	0.02000
CAL	CAL	2	1425120	0.20000
CAL	CAL	2	1847	0.00050
CAL	CAL	2	8487	0.00150
CAL	CAL	2	137393	0.02000
CAL	CAL	2	1435514	0.20000
CAL	CAL	3	2744	0.00050
CAL	CAL	3	10473	0.00150
CAL	CAL	3	141074	0.02000
CAL	CAL	3	1400930	0.20000
CAL	CAL	3	3422	0.00050
CAL	CAL	3	10554	0.00150
CAL	CAL	3	115746	0.02000
CAL	CAL	3	1432539	0.20000

Figure 4.1: Calibration data

Table 4.2: Validation standards raw data
ID	TYPE	SERIE	SIGNAL	CONC_LEVEL
VAL	VAL	1	1544	0.0005
VAL	VAL	1	9992	0.0015
VAL	VAL	1	155683	0.0200
VAL	VAL	1	1767753	0.2000
VAL	VAL	1	1422	0.0005
VAL	VAL	1	11212	0.0015
VAL	VAL	1	154877	0.0200
VAL	VAL	1	1540288	0.2000
VAL	VAL	1	3661	0.0005
VAL	VAL	1	11527	0.0015
VAL	VAL	1	154062	0.0200
VAL	VAL	1	1466979	0.2000
VAL	VAL	1	2712	0.0005
VAL	VAL	1	6007	0.0015
VAL	VAL	1	153763	0.0200
VAL	VAL	1	1466715	0.2000
VAL	VAL	2	2593	0.0005
VAL	VAL	2	10558	0.0015
VAL	VAL	2	140350	0.0200
VAL	VAL	2	1413294	0.2000
VAL	VAL	2	2880	0.0005
VAL	VAL	2	9174	0.0015
VAL	VAL	2	110853	0.0200
VAL	VAL	2	1425878	0.2000
VAL	VAL	2	1316	0.0005
VAL	VAL	2	9065	0.0015
VAL	VAL	2	136750	0.0200
VAL	VAL	2	1368431	0.2000
VAL	VAL	2	1908	0.0005
VAL	VAL	2	9657	0.0015
VAL	VAL	2	130685	0.0200
VAL	VAL	2	1332873	0.2000
VAL	VAL	3	1498	0.0005
VAL	VAL	3	7730	0.0015
VAL	VAL	3	142770	0.0200
VAL	VAL	3	1430404	0.2000
VAL	VAL	3	3415	0.0005
VAL	VAL	3	10179	0.0015
VAL	VAL	3	141127	0.0200
VAL	VAL	3	1409384	0.2000
VAL	VAL	3	3423	0.0005
VAL	VAL	3	10600	0.0015
VAL	VAL	3	138551	0.0200
VAL	VAL	3	1403500	0.2000
VAL	VAL	3	1281	0.0005
VAL	VAL	3	6198	0.0015
VAL	VAL	3	117689	0.0200
VAL	VAL	3	1411380	0.2000

5 R Packages used

Aphalo, Pedro J. 2022a. Ggpmisc: Miscellaneous Extensions to Ggplot2. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=ggpmisc

Aphalo, Pedro J. 2022b. Ggpp: Grammar Extensions to Ggplot2. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=ggpp

Dahl, David B., David Scott, Charles Roosen, Arni Magnusson, and Jonathan Swinton. 2019. Xtable: Export Tables to LaTeX or HTML. http://xtable.r-forge.r-project.org/

Daróczi, Gergely, and Roman Tsegelskyi. 2022. Pander: An r Pandoc Writer. https://rapporter.github.io/pander/

Dowle, Matt, and Arun Srinivasan. 2022. Data.table: Extension of ‘Data.frame’. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=data.table

Fox, John, and Sanford Weisberg. 2019. An R Companion to Applied Regression. Third. Thousand Oaks CA: Sage. https://socialsciences.mcmaster.ca/jfox/Books/Companion/

Fox, John, Sanford Weisberg, and Brad Price. 2022a. Car: Companion to Applied Regression. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=car

Fox, John, Sanford Weisberg, and Brad Price. 2022b. carData: Companion to Applied Regression Data Sets. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=carData

Garnier, Simon. 2021. Viridis: Colorblind-Friendly Color Maps for r. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=viridis

Garnier, Simon.. 2022. viridisLite: Colorblind-Friendly Color Maps (Lite Version). https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=viridisLite

Hofner, Benjamin. 2021. papeR: A Toolbox for Writing Pretty Papers and Reports. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=papeR

Hofner, Benjamin, and with contributions by many others. 2021. papeR: A Toolbox for Writing Pretty Papers and Reports. https://github.com/hofnerb/papeR

Hothorn, Torsten, Achim Zeileis, Richard W. Farebrother, and Clint Cummins. 2022. Lmtest: Testing Linear Regression Models. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=lmtest

R Core Team. 2022. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https://www.R-project.org/

Sievert, Carson. 2020. Interactive Web-Based Data Visualization with r, Plotly, and Shiny. Chapman; Hall/CRC. https://plotly-r.com

Sievert, Carson, Chris Parmer, Toby Hocking, Scott Chamberlain, Karthik Ram, Marianne Corvellec, and Pedro Despouy. 2022. Plotly: Create Interactive Web Graphics via Plotly.js. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=plotly

Wickham, Hadley. 2016. Ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis. Springer-Verlag New York. https://ggplot2.tidyverse.org

Wickham, Hadley, and Jennifer Bryan. 2022. Readxl: Read Excel Files. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=readxl

Wickham, Hadley, Winston Chang, Lionel Henry, Thomas Lin Pedersen, Kohske Takahashi, Claus Wilke, Kara Woo, Hiroaki Yutani, and Dewey Dunnington. 2022. Ggplot2: Create Elegant Data Visualisations Using the Grammar of Graphics. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=ggplot2

Wickham, Hadley, Romain François, Lionel Henry, and Kirill Müller. 2022. Dplyr: A Grammar of Data Manipulation. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=dplyr

Zeileis, Achim, and Gabor Grothendieck. 2005. “Zoo: S3 Infrastructure for Regular and Irregular Time Series.” Journal of Statistical Software 14 (6): 1–27. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v014.i06

Zeileis, Achim, Gabor Grothendieck, and Jeffrey A. Ryan. 2022. Zoo: S3 Infrastructure for Regular and Irregular Time Series (z’s Ordered Observations). https://zoo.R-Forge.R-project.org/

Zeileis, Achim, and Torsten Hothorn. 2002. “Diagnostic Checking in Regression Relationships.” R News 2 (3): 7–10. https://CRAN.R-project.org/doc/Rnews/

Zhu, Hao. 2021. kableExtra: Construct Complex Table with Kable and Pipe Syntax. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=kableExtra

Validation report of the method for the determination of default in default

default default

2023-02-07

1 Methods

1.1 Calibration curves

1.2 Estimation of trueness and precision

1.2.1 Models

1.2.2 Trueness

1.2.3 Fidelity & intermediate precision

1.2.4 Tolerance interval and accuracy profiles

1.2.5 Determination of quantification limits.

2 Analysis of response function (calibration curves)

2.1 Methods and Data

2.2 Response functions obtained

2.2.1 Regression analysis

2.2.2 Residues for each calibration curve at each level

3 Validation

3.1 Using a linear calibration curve

3.1.1 Trueness and precision obtained

3.1.2 Accuracy profile

3.1.3 Linearity Profile

3.1.4 Linear regression

3.1.5 Studentized Breusch-Pagan test for heteroskedasticity

3.2 Using a linear forced through 0 calibration curve

3.2.1 Trueness and precision obtained

3.2.2 Accuracy profile

3.2.3 Linearity Profile

3.2.4 Linear regression

3.2.5 Studentized Breusch-Pagan test for heteroskedasticity

3.3 Using a linear calibration curve with the highest level only and forced through 0

3.3.1 Trueness and precision obtained

3.3.2 Accuracy profile

3.3.3 Linearity Profile

3.3.4 Linear regression

3.3.5 Studentized Breusch-Pagan test for heteroskedasticity

3.4 Using a weighed (1/Y) linear calibration curve

3.4.1 Trueness and precision obtained

3.4.2 Accuracy profile

3.4.3 Linearity Profile

3.4.4 Linear regression

3.4.5 Studentized Breusch-Pagan test for heteroskedasticity

3.5 Using a weighed (1/X) linear calibration curve

3.5.1 Trueness and precision obtained

3.5.2 Accuracy profile

3.5.3 Linearity Profile

3.5.4 Linear regression

3.5.5 Studentized Breusch-Pagan test for heteroskedasticity

4 Raw data

5 R Packages used